What is it and who has it?
Febrile seizures occur due to the characteristics of the immature brain: in young children the threshold for convulsive readiness is lower, and a rapid rise in temperature can provoke an attack. They occur in approximately 2–5% of children, that is, in every twenties to fifties, and are one of the most common neurological events in early childhood.
- Typical age ranges from 6 months to 5 years, peaking between 12 and 18 months
- Most often provoked by a common viral infection, less often by otitis media, intestinal infection, and sometimes by a reaction to vaccination
- What matters is not so much the absolute number on the thermometer, but the rate of temperature rise
- The attack often occurs at the very beginning of the disease, when the parents have not yet had time to measure the temperature
- Heredity plays a significant role: if your parents or siblings had febrile seizures, the risk is higher
What to do during an attack
- Сохраняйте спокойствие и посмотрите на часы или включите секундомер на телефоне. Время приступа — самая важная информация, которую спросит врач, а без засечённого времени три минуты субъективно ощущаются как двадцать.
- Положите ребёнка на бок на ровную безопасную поверхность — на пол, на кровать без подушек. Положение на боку не даёт слюне и рвотным массам попасть в дыхательные пути.
- Уберите вокруг всё твёрдое и острое, подложите что-то мягкое под голову, ослабьте тесную одежду на шее.
- Не удерживайте ребёнка силой и не пытайтесь остановить подёргивания — приступ закончится сам.
- Ничего не кладите в рот. Ни ложку, ни палец, ни другие предметы — язык при судорогах не западает и не проглатывается, а попытки разжать зубы приводят к травмам рта и пальцев взрослого.
- Если можете, снимите видео на телефон. Запись приступа помогает врачу гораздо больше, чем любое словесное описание.
- После окончания приступа оставьте ребёнка на боку, дайте ему прийти в себя, измерьте температуру и вызовите врача.
- Вызывайте скорую немедленно, если приступ длится дольше 5 минут, повторился, затруднено дыхание или это первый эпизод в жизни.
What not to do
- Putting a spoon, fingers, cloth or any object into your mouth leads to injury and is not beneficial
- Force your teeth apart
- Hold your limbs while trying to stop the spasms
- Douse with cold water, wipe with alcohol or vinegar
- Giving medicine, water or food by mouth until the child has regained consciousness - there is a high risk of inhalation
- Shake the child, slap him on the cheeks, splash him in the face
- Leaving a child alone, including to run for a phone, is better to take the phone with you
- Perform artificial respiration during the attack while maintaining breathing
The only really necessary actions in these minutes are a position on your side, a safe space around and a recorded time. Everything else is either useless or harmful.
Simple and complex seizures: what is the difference
This division determines the scope of the examination and further tactics, so the doctor must clarify the details of the attack.
- Simple febrile convulsions are generalized, that is, involving the whole body symmetrically, last less than 15 minutes and do not recur during the day. This option accounts for the majority of cases and does not require extensive examination.
- Complex febrile seizures—last longer than 15 minutes, are focal, involving one side of the body, or recur within 24 hours
- Febrile status epilepticus - a seizure lasting more than 30 minutes, requiring emergency care
Survey
- Осмотр врача с поиском причины лихорадки: горло, уши, лёгкие, живот, кожа, менингеальные знаки.
- Общий анализ крови и мочи, при показаниях другие анализы — важно найти источник инфекции, а не сам приступ.
- Люмбальная пункция — не рутинно, а при подозрении на менингит: у детей до 12 месяцев, при менингеальных знаках, при затяжном нарушении сознания, при сыпи.
- ЭЭГ при простых фебрильных судорогах обычно не требуется. Её назначают при сложных приступах, при повторяющихся эпизодах, при подозрении на эпилепсию.
- МРТ головного мозга — по конкретным показаниям: фокальные приступы, неврологический дефицит, задержка развития.
- Консультация детского невролога после первого эпизода для оценки риска и разбора плана действий с родителями.
Will it happen again and can it be prevented?
- Repeated episodes occur in about a third of children, usually within a year of the first
- The risk of recurrence is higher if the first attack occurred before 15 months, if the temperature is low, if there is a short interval between the onset of fever and the attack, and if there is a family history
- By the age of 5–6 years, febrile seizures usually stop on their own as the nervous system matures
- The risk of developing epilepsy in the future is increased slightly and in the majority of children with simple febrile seizures remains close to the general population
- Continuous use of anticonvulsants for simple febrile seizures is not prescribed - the harm outweighs the benefit
- Vaccinations after febrile seizures continue according to the calendar, since the infections they prevent are more dangerous than the attack itself
A common and very persistent misconception: if you immediately give an antipyretic and avoid high temperatures, there will be no attack. Unfortunately, this is not true—research shows that regularly taking antipyretics does not reduce the risk of recurrent febrile seizures. Antipyretics are given to make the child feel better, and not to prevent an attack, and parents have nothing to reproach themselves with if they “didn’t have time to bring down the temperature.”