When they come from above
Typically, ureteral stones are removed retrogradely - with an endoscope inserted through the urethra and bladder. But in a number of situations this path is closed: with a large impacted stone in the upper third of the ureter, with a stricture below the stone, after operations on the bladder and with ureterocystoneostomy, as well as with abnormalities in the position of the kidney. Then an antegrade approach is used: under ultrasound and x-ray control, a puncture of the renal collecting system is performed, a working channel is formed, and through it the stone is reached from above with a nephroscope, crushed and removed. The intervention is technically more difficult than retrograde, but allows you to solve the problem without open surgery.
Minimally invasive urology
Modern urology strives to solve problems without large incisions: through the natural urinary tract (endoscopically) or through a puncture of the skin (percutaneous). This shortens the length of hospitalization, reduces the risk of complications and speeds up recovery.
The key condition is accurate preoperative diagnosis: computed tomography or ultrasound determines the location of the problem and allows you to choose the optimal access.
Prevention of infection
The urinary tract is an environment where infection can easily develop, especially in the presence of stones, stents and drains. Therefore, before any intervention, a urine culture is performed, and if a pathogen is identified, a course of antibacterial therapy is administered. Surgery against the background of active inflammation significantly increases the risk of postoperative complications.
After the intervention
In the first days, blood in the urine and frequent urination are possible - these are expected phenomena. Drinking plenty of fluids and following the recommended regimen are required. You should consult a doctor if you have a fever, increased pain, urinary retention, or heavy bleeding.