MSCT: diseases — симптомы, диагностика и лечение

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the maxillary (maxillary) sinus, the most common type of sinusitis. Almost every runny nose is accompanied by mild inflammation of the sinuses, and in most cases it goes away on its own within 7–10 days. The problem begins when swelling blocks the anastomosis - a narrow channel connecting the sinus to the nasal cavity. The mucus stops flowing, bacteria multiply in the closed cavity, and bursting pain and purulent discharge appear. The good news is that a puncture is rarely required today, but the bad news is that neglected sinusitis easily becomes chronic.

Urolithiasis is the formation of hard stones (calculi) in the kidneys, ureters or bladder. The disease may not make itself felt for years, and then suddenly manifest itself with an attack of renal colic - one of the most severe pains known in medicine. In the hot climate of Uzbekistan, urolithiasis is especially common, because with profuse sweating, urine becomes concentrated and salts precipitate more easily.

The aorta is the largest vessel in the body, and an aneurysm is a persistent dilation of more than one and a half times its normal diameter. The main feature of this disease is that it does not show itself for years: the aneurysm does not hurt, does not interfere, and is discovered by chance - on an ultrasound of the abdomen, done for a completely different reason. At the same time, a rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm kills most patients even before the operating table. Hence a simple practical conclusion: it makes sense not to look for symptoms, but to timely measure the aortic diameter in those who are at risk. One routine ultrasound examination, taking a few minutes, solves this issue.

Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease in which a slowly growing cyst with tapeworm larvae forms in organs, most often in the liver. For Central Asia, this is not exotic, but a real regional problem: infection is associated with keeping dogs and breeding sheep and cattle. The key feature of the disease is that it is asymptomatic for years: the cyst grows several millimeters per year, and a person finds out about it by chance, during an ultrasound for another reason. That is why an early finding on ultrasound is luck and not a reason for panic.

Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the pulmonary artery or its branches by a blood clot, which most often comes from the deep veins of the legs. This is one of the most dangerous and at the same time most underdiagnosed conditions: its symptoms are nonspecific - shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heartbeat - and are easily mistaken for bronchitis, intercostal neuralgia or panic. The key to timely recognition is not the symptom itself, but the circumstances: sudden shortness of breath after a flight, surgery, prolonged bed rest, or due to swelling of one leg.

A dental cyst is a cavity with a dense shell that forms in the bone at the apex of the root at the site of long-simmering inflammation. It all starts in the tooth canal: the pulp dies from deep caries, injury or under a loose filling, the canal turns into a closed reservoir with bacteria and decay products, and the body fences off this focus from the healthy bone with a wall of connective tissue. The most persistent and most expensive misconception in terms of consequences sounds like this: “I’ll take an antibiotic and the cyst will resolve.” It won't resolve. An antibiotic can extinguish an exacerbation and relieve swelling, but it does not reach the source: there is no blood flow inside the dead canal, which means the medicine simply does not get there. As soon as the course is completed, bacteria from the canal again begin to feed the lesion, and the cavity continues to grow - silently, for years, until it makes itself known with flux or an accidental finding in the picture.

The nasal septum is a bone-cartilaginous plate that divides the nasal cavity into two halves. Almost no one has a perfectly even air: according to various estimates, one or another deviation is found in 75-90 percent of adults, and most of them breathe perfectly and will never know about it. Hence the main principle that is worth learning before booking an operation: it is not the picture in the photograph that is operated on, but the person’s complaints. The conclusion “deviated nasal septum,” obtained during a routine examination in a person without difficulty breathing, in itself is neither a diagnosis requiring treatment nor an indication for surgical intervention. And vice versa: if the nose really hasn’t been breathing for years, no drops, rinsing or exercises will change the shape of the cartilage - only surgery works here.

Nasal polyps are not tumors or growths that appear out of nowhere, but areas of the mucous membrane of the nose and paranasal sinuses that, due to prolonged inflammation, are saturated with fluid, swollen and hang into the nasal cavity like drops or grapes. They are painless, do not bleed and grow slowly, so a person gets used to gradually worsening breathing and consults a doctor late. The most significant and most often ignored symptom is loss of smell: polyps form precisely in the upper parts of the nose, where the olfactory zone is located, and block the access of odorous molecules to it. Another feature that is important to know in advance: polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease; surgery removes polyps, but does not eliminate the cause, so without subsequent treatment with a hormonal spray they return.