Anesthesiology: diseases — симптомы, диагностика и лечение

Hemorrhoids are the enlargement and prolapse of hemorrhoids, cavernous vascular formations that every person normally has and are involved in retaining the contents of the intestine. They become a problem when, due to increased pressure and stagnation, they increase in size, begin to bleed and fall out. This is one of the most common diseases that people are embarrassed to talk about, and that is why people have been treating themselves for years. Meanwhile, the main danger is not in hemorrhoids itself, but in the fact that other diseases, including rectal cancer, are manifested by blood during bowel movements.

An inguinal hernia is an exit of abdominal organs (usually a loop of intestine or omentum) through a weak spot in the inguinal canal under the skin. The main thing you need to understand right away is that a hernia does not resolve, is not “reduced forever” and cannot be treated with a bandage, exercises or ointments. A defect in the abdominal wall is a mechanical problem and can only be closed surgically. A bandage is sometimes prescribed, but only as a temporary measure for a patient who cannot yet be operated on: it does not heal, but only retains the contents and, when worn for a long time, even weakens the muscles. The good news is that elective surgery today is a one-day intervention with a quick return to normal life.

Postoperative hernia is a protrusion in the area of ​​the scar after a previous abdominal operation. It occurs where the fused aponeurosis turns out to be weaker than the load: the seam has broken apart not on the outside, where everything looks healed, but in the depths. Hence the typical situation: a person is sure that the operation is long over, and after a year or five years he notices a soft bulge next to the scar. Such hernias are almost always larger and more complex than the primary ones, because the tissues are altered by scars and adhesions, and it is easier to treat them at an early stage, while the defect is small.

Obesity is not a cosmetic problem or a matter of willpower, but a chronic disease with a hormonal and metabolic basis. The body protects the gained weight: after losing weight, energy consumption decreases and the level of hunger hormones increases, so most diets end in the return of kilograms. This explains why, with severe obesity, self-effort alone is usually not enough and why bariatric surgery has appeared in world practice - not “an operation for beauty”, but a method of treating the disease and its complications: type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease.

Colon polyp is a growth of mucous membrane into the intestinal lumen. By itself, it almost never hurts or interferes, and this is the main difficulty: polyps are found not because a person complains about something, but because he had a colonoscopy. Moreover, the vast majority of cases of colon cancer develop from adenomatous polyps, and this path takes years. Hence the simple logic: a polyp removed in time means cancer prevented. Colonoscopy remains the only test that both finds and immediately eliminates the problem.

Gallstone disease is the formation of stones in the gall bladder. It occurs very often, and in a significant proportion of people stones exist for years asymptomatically, being detected by chance on an ultrasound. The key point that determines the tactics is precisely this: asymptomatic stones in most cases do not require surgery, but the appearance of biliary colic changes the situation - after the first attack, the likelihood of recurrence and complications becomes high, and planned removal of the bladder turns out to be safer than waiting.