Hospital: diseases — симптомы, диагностика и лечение

Urolithiasis is the formation of hard stones (calculi) in the kidneys, ureters or bladder. The disease may not make itself felt for years, and then suddenly manifest itself with an attack of renal colic - one of the most severe pains known in medicine. In the hot climate of Uzbekistan, urolithiasis is especially common, because with profuse sweating, urine becomes concentrated and salts precipitate more easily.

Acute paraproctitis is an abscess in the fatty tissue around the rectum and anus. It almost always begins the same way: the infection penetrates from the intestinal lumen through the inflamed anal gland, and a cavity with pus forms in a confined space in a matter of days. The main thing you need to understand from the very first hours is that pus does not resolve. Neither ointments, nor tablets, nor warm baths will make it disappear - they only provide a few days of imaginary relief, during which the inflammation manages to go deeper and destroy more tissue. The only treatment method is to open and drain the cavity surgically. This is not a situation in which you can “wait until Monday”: paraproctitis is a condition that requires emergency surgery.

An inguinal hernia is an exit of abdominal organs (usually a loop of intestine or omentum) through a weak spot in the inguinal canal under the skin. The main thing you need to understand right away is that a hernia does not resolve, is not “reduced forever” and cannot be treated with a bandage, exercises or ointments. A defect in the abdominal wall is a mechanical problem and can only be closed surgically. A bandage is sometimes prescribed, but only as a temporary measure for a patient who cannot yet be operated on: it does not heal, but only retains the contents and, when worn for a long time, even weakens the muscles. The good news is that elective surgery today is a one-day intervention with a quick return to normal life.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue, in which the alveoli are filled with inflammatory fluid and cease to participate in gas exchange. Unlike bronchitis, where only the respiratory tract is affected, the lung tissue itself is affected, resulting in shortness of breath and decreased oxygen saturation in the blood. Pneumonia remains one of the leading causes of death from infections, especially in the elderly. At the same time, most patients are successfully treated at home - it is important to recognize the disease in time and correctly assess the severity.

Obesity is not a cosmetic problem or a matter of willpower, but a chronic disease with a hormonal and metabolic basis. The body protects the gained weight: after losing weight, energy consumption decreases and the level of hunger hormones increases, so most diets end in the return of kilograms. This explains why, with severe obesity, self-effort alone is usually not enough and why bariatric surgery has appeared in world practice - not “an operation for beauty”, but a method of treating the disease and its complications: type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease.

Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease in which a slowly growing cyst with tapeworm larvae forms in organs, most often in the liver. For Central Asia, this is not exotic, but a real regional problem: infection is associated with keeping dogs and breeding sheep and cattle. The key feature of the disease is that it is asymptomatic for years: the cyst grows several millimeters per year, and a person finds out about it by chance, during an ultrasound for another reason. That is why an early finding on ultrasound is luck and not a reason for panic.

Gallstone disease is the formation of stones in the gall bladder. It occurs very often, and in a significant proportion of people stones exist for years asymptomatically, being detected by chance on an ultrasound. The key point that determines the tactics is precisely this: asymptomatic stones in most cases do not require surgery, but the appearance of biliary colic changes the situation - after the first attack, the likelihood of recurrence and complications becomes high, and planned removal of the bladder turns out to be safer than waiting.