How it starts and what it looks like
Scarlet fever begins acutely, literally within a few hours: in the morning the child was healthy, but in the evening he had a high temperature and a severe sore throat. The incubation period is short - usually 2-4 days. Most often, children from 2 to 10 years old are sick, and infection occurs through airborne droplets and through shared objects and utensils.
- A sharp increase in temperature to 38.5–39.5 degrees, headache, weakness, often vomiting in the first hours
- Severe sore throat, bright red tonsils with plaque, enlarged painful lymph nodes under the jaw
- The rash appears in the first 12–48 hours: pinpoint, bright pink, against a general reddened skin background
- The skin feels like fine sandpaper - this sign is often more informative than the appearance of the rash
- The rash thickens in natural folds: elbows, armpits, groin areas, popliteal fossae
- The face is bright red, but the area around the mouth and nose remains pale - the characteristic pale triangle
- In the first days the tongue is covered with a white coating, by 4–5 days it clears and becomes bright crimson with protruding papillae
- After 3–7 days, the rash turns pale, and in the second week peeling begins - small on the body, on the palms and soles in large layers
- Runny nose and cough, characteristic of viral infections, are usually absent with scarlet fever
Why is an antibiotic necessary?
This is the key section and the main practical meaning of the entire article. Scarlet fever is one of those few childhood infections for which an antibiotic is prescribed not at the discretion of the doctor and not “just in case,” but according to a strict rule.
- The antibiotic kills streptococcus and thereby prevents acute rheumatic fever, a condition in which the immune system attacks its own tissue and damages the heart valves, leaving a lifelong defect.
- It sharply reduces the risk of purulent complications: retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscess, purulent otitis, sinusitis, inflammation of the lymph nodes of the neck
- It makes the child non-infectious about a day after the start of treatment, which is important for the whole family and children's team
- Rheumatic fever develops 2–5 weeks after a sore throat - when the child is already healthy, and the connection with the previous illness is not obvious to the parents
- Kidney inflammation may develop within 1–3 weeks; antibiotics reduce its risk to a lesser extent, so the child’s urine is monitored in any case
- The course is continued for exactly as many days as prescribed by the doctor - usually about 10 days, even if the state of health returned to normal on the third
- Group A streptococcus remains sensitive to penicillin drugs; in case of allergies, the doctor selects an alternative
Diagnostics: what is confirmed
- Осмотр врача: горло, язык, характер и расположение сыпи, состояние лимфоузлов, наличие бледного треугольника вокруг рта.
- Экспресс-тест на стрептококк группы А of мазка с миндалин — результат за 5–10 минут, позволяет начать лечение сразу.
- Посев of зева — более точный метод, но результат готовится 1–2 суток; часто выполняется при отрицательном экспресс-тесте и сохраняющемся подозрении.
- Общий анализ крови — при бактериальной инфекции обычно повышены лейкоциты и СОЭ.
- Общий анализ мочи на 2–3 неделе от начала diseases — контрольное исследование для раннего выявления поражения почек.
- ЭКГ и осмотр кардиолога — при жалобах на боль в груди, сердцебиение, слабость, а также при болях в суставах.
- Антитела к стрептококку — не для постановки диагноза в остром периоде, а для оценки перенесённой инфекции при подозрении на осложнения.
Treatment and care at home
- Antibiotic as prescribed by a doctor, a full course, at the same time of day, regardless of improvement in health
- Plenty of warm drinks: water, compote, non-acidic fruit drinks; sour and spicy foods increase sore throat
- Soft, non-hot food in small portions; lack of appetite in the first days is normal and does not require force
- Antipyretic for poor health and high temperature, according to age dosage
- Gargling with a warm saline solution for children who already know how to gargle; babies have enough to drink
- Bed rest for the first days, then quiet home activities; physical activity and sports sections are postponed
- The rash is not smeared or treated, and when peeling, use a regular moisturizer
- Separate dishes and towels for the sick person for the entire period of contagion
What you should not do: give an antibiotic without a doctor’s prescription and without confirming streptococcus, change the drug yourself if the effect is not “quick enough,” steam your legs and apply warm compresses to the neck with enlarged lymph nodes, and also treat the throat only with gargles and sprays, hoping to do without systemic treatment. Local remedies relieve pain, but do not eliminate streptococcus and do not in any way protect against complications.
Quarantine, contagiousness and kindergarten
- Заразным ребёнок остаётся с начала diseases и примерно до конца первых суток приёма антибиотика — при правильном лечении срок заразности короткий.
- Без антибиотика человек может выделять стрептококк неделями, поэтому лечение важно и с эпидемической точки зрения.
- Ребёнка изолируют дома; в детский сад или школу он возвращается обычно не ранее чем через 10–12 дней от начала diseases и после осмотра врача.
- В детском учреждении на группу контактных детей накладывается карантин; за ними наблюдают, осматривая горло и кожу.
- Заболевшие члены семьи с болью в горле должны обследоваться, а не лечиться остатками антибиотика ребёнка.
- После выздоровления рекомендуется контрольный анализ мочи и осмотр врача перед возвращением к спортивным нагрузкам.
- Прививки после скарлатины возобновляют по решению врача, обычно после полного выздоровления.
Complications: what to look for after recovery
Scarlet fever is an infection that requires attention not only in the acute period, but also after it. Most complications appear when the family has already forgotten about the disease, and that is why it is worth knowing about them in advance.
- First week: purulent complications - otitis, sinusitis, inflammation of the lymph nodes of the neck, abscess near the tonsil
- Second or third week: kidney inflammation - dark urine the color of meat slop, a decrease in its quantity, swelling on the face in the morning, increased blood pressure
- From the second to the fifth week: acute rheumatic fever - pain and swelling of large joints, moving from one to another, fever, weakness
- Heart damage during rheumatic fever: shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain, fatigue; it is this that determines the severity of the prognosis
- Rarely - involuntary movements and changes in handwriting weeks after the illness, a sign of nervous system involvement
- A repeated increase in temperature after a period of improvement always requires examination by a doctor.