How it manifests itself
- Attacks of shortness of breath and suffocation, often at night and in the morning
- Wheezing heard from a distance
- Feeling of tightness in the chest
- Dry paroxysmal cough; sometimes a cough is the only symptom
- Symptoms are triggered by exercise, cold air, allergens, strong odors, infections
- Reversibility is characteristic: after an inhaler or on its own, the condition is completely restored
Diagnostics
- Спирометрия с бронхолитической пробой — main метод: измеряют ОФВ1 до и после ингаляции бронхорасширяющего препарата. Прирост подтверждает обратимую обструкцию.
- Пикфлоуметрия дома — измерение пиковой скорости выдоха утром и вечером с ведением дневника.
- Аллергообследование: общий и специфические IgE, кожные пробы — определяют триггеры.
- Общий анализ крови с эозинофилами.
- Рентген грудной клетки — для исключения других причин.
Normal spirometry outside an attack does not exclude asthma. For typical complaints and normal examination, repeat measurements or stress tests are performed.
Two different inhalers - the main thing you need to understand
- BASIC (inhaled corticosteroids, often in combination): treats inflammation. Taken DAILY, regardless of how you feel. Doesn't provide immediate relief - and that's why they abandon it
- AMBULANCE (short-acting bronchodilator): dilates the bronchi, relieves an attack in minutes. Inflammation does not cure
- Control point: if an emergency inhaler is needed more than 2 times a week, asthma is not controlled and the regimen needs to be changed
- The modern approach for many patients allows the use of a combination inhaler both as a basic and as needed - the regimen is determined by the doctor
Inhalation technique
- Встряхнуть баллончик, снять колпачок, сделать полный выдох.
- Обхватить мундштук губами, начать медленный глубокий вдох и одновременно нажать на баллончик.
- Продолжать вдох, затем задержать дыхание на 10 секунд.
- При использовании ингаляционных гормонов — обязательно прополоскать рот, чтобы избежать кандидоза.
- Использовать спейсер: он значительно улучшает попадание препарата в бронхи, особенно у детей и пожилых.
Up to 70% of patients use their inhaler incorrectly, causing the drug to settle in the mouth and not work. The technique should be shown to the doctor at the appointment - this is often more important than changing the drug.
Control and lifestyle
- Eliminating triggers: house dust mites, animal dander, mold, tobacco smoke
- Quitting smoking, including passive smoking, is a must
- Annual influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations
- Physical activity is needed: for controlled asthma, sports are not contraindicated; for asthma of physical exertion, use an inhaler before exercise
- Caution with NSAIDs for aspirin-induced asthma
- A written plan of action in case of exacerbation, agreed upon with the doctor
- Control of concomitant conditions: GERD, rhinitis, obesity - these worsen asthma control