How it proceeds: three periods
Whooping cough is caused by a bacterium that attaches to the lining of the respiratory tract and releases a toxin. This toxin irritates the cough center, which is why the cough persists long after the microbe itself is no longer in the body. The incubation period is usually 7–14 days, sometimes up to three weeks.
- First period, 1–2 weeks: normal dry cough, slight runny nose, normal or slightly elevated temperature. The child looks like he has a common cold - and it is at this time that he is most contagious
- Second period, 2–8 weeks and longer: the cough becomes paroxysmal. A series of coughing jerks in a row, without the ability to inhale, then a whistling noisy inhalation - a reprise
- During an attack, the face turns red or blue, the eyes water, the veins in the neck swell; the attack ends with the discharge of thick viscous sputum or vomiting
- Attacks worsen at night and are provoked by crying, laughing, feeding, physical activity, cold air
- Between attacks the child looks healthy, plays, has no fever - this is a very characteristic combination for whooping cough
- Third period, weeks and months: attacks become less frequent and milder, but the cough may return with each subsequent cold for several more months
Why do vaccinated teenagers and adults get sick?
This is a key section for understanding where whooping cough comes from in a family where everyone is vaccinated.
- Protection after vaccination is not lifelong: it gradually wanes over several years after the last dose
- Immunity after suffering from whooping cough also does not last forever - you can get sick again
- In a teenager or adult, the disease usually proceeds without classic recurrences: there is simply a persistent dry cough for weeks, often at night
- This cough is almost never associated with whooping cough: it is treated as an allergy, bronchitis, laryngitis or the consequences of ARVI
- The person continues to lead a normal life, go to work and communicate with children
- In most cases of infection of an infant, the source is within the family: mother, father, older brother or sister, grandmother
- This is why there is a practice of vaccinating adults surrounding a newborn and vaccinating pregnant women in the third trimester - maternal antibodies are transferred to the child and protect him in the first months until he is vaccinated himself
Whooping cough in an infant: why it is an emergency
In children in the first months of life, whooping cough looks completely different than in the textbook, and that is why it is easy to miss. An infant may not have classic attacks with recurring episodes at all.
- Instead of coughing attacks - episodes of respiratory arrest, apnea; the child freezes, turns blue, goes limp
- The cough is short, but ends in blueness, protruding tongue, and vomiting.
- The child gets tired when feeding, eats little, and does not gain weight well
- Pneumonia is often associated - the main cause of severe disease
- Possible seizures and brain damage due to prolonged lack of oxygen
- Children under 6 months of age with suspected whooping cough are usually observed in a hospital where breathing can be monitored
- Until 2-3 months, the child has not yet received the full course of vaccinations and does not have his own protection - he is protected only by the vaccinated environment
How to make a diagnosis
- Оценка характера кашля и его длительности: приступы, ночное усиление, рвота после кашля, нормальная температура, хорошее самочувствие между приступами.
- Уточнение прививочного анамнеза и сроков последней вакцинации, а также наличия длительно кашляющих в семье.
- ПЦР мазка of носоглотки — самый информативный метод в первые 2–3 недели болезни, пока бактерия ещё присутствует.
- Бактериологический посев — более специфичен, но требует времени и результативен только в ранние сроки.
- Антитела к коклюшу в крови — метод выбора на поздних сроках, когда кашель длится уже месяц и ПЦР неинформативна.
- Общий анализ крови — характерно повышение лейкоцитов за счёт лимфоцитов при нормальной СОЭ.
- Рентгенография грудной клетки — при подозрении на пневмонию, а не рутинно.
- Обследование других членов семьи с длительным кашлем — часто именно так находят источник.
Treatment and care
Understanding what exactly the treatment affects relieves parents of a lot of unnecessary expectations and disappointments.
- The antibiotic is prescribed by the doctor; it is effective in the first 1–2 weeks of illness, when the bacterium is still active
- Started later, the antibiotic hardly shortens the cough, but is still needed: it stops being infectious after about 5 days of use
- The cough after treatment persists for weeks and months - not because the treatment did not help, but because it is no longer the microbe that is acting, but its trace in the cough center
- A preventive antibiotic can be prescribed by a doctor to contact persons in a family with an infant.
- Antitussives, expectorants and inhalations for whooping cough practically do not work - their effectiveness has not been confirmed
- The following regime helps: cool, moist air, frequent ventilation, calm environment, absence of strong odors and smoke
- It is better to feed more often and in small portions: after an attack of vomiting, the child should be fed
- During an attack, the child is picked up, tilted forward, and allowed to cough; the infant is held upright
- Smoking in the house sharply aggravates the flow - this also applies to smoking on the balcony or on the staircase
Separately, it is worth mentioning the endurance of the parents. Whooping cough exhausts the whole family: nights pass without sleep, attacks are frightening, and the doctor’s promise that the cough will last another month sounds unbearable. This is really long, and this is the normal course of the disease, and not a sign of improper treatment. Intermediate improvements and return of cough with each new cold are also part of the usual scenario.
Prevention: how to protect your baby
- Вакцинация ребёнка по национальному календарю в срок — первая доза ставится в первые месяцы жизни, и откладывать её особенно рискованно.
- Ревакцинация в дошкольном и школьном возрасте — именно она поддерживает угасающий иммунитет.
- Вакцинация беременной в третьем триместре, если она предусмотрена и рекомендована врачом: антитела передаются ребёнку и защищают его до первой прививки.
- Вакцинация взрослых, живущих с новорождённым: родителей, старших детей, бабушек и дедушек, няни.
- Ограничение контактов новорождённого с людьми, которые кашляют, даже если они уверены, что это «просто остаточный кашель».
- Обследование любого члена семьи с кашлем дольше двух недель, если в доме есть грудной ребёнок.
- При выявленном коклюше в семье — обращение к врачу для решения вопроса о профилактике у контактных.