How does infection occur and why is it so easy?
Understanding the life cycle of pinworms explains everything else: why it itches at night, why cleaning is necessary, and why treatment is repeated after two weeks.
- Adult pinworms live in the lower parts of the small intestine and in the large intestine; The length of the female is about one centimeter, she is white and mobile
- At night, the female exits through the anus and lays eggs in the folds of skin around it, secreting a substance that causes severe itching.
- A child scratches an itchy spot in his sleep, and eggs get under his nails and on his fingers.
- In the morning, eggs are transferred from the hands to the bed, towels, toys, door handles, dishes, and some end up back in the mouth - self-infection occurs
- The eggs become infectious within a few hours and remain viable in an apartment for up to 2–3 weeks.
- They are very light, rise with dust when shaking out laundry and settle on surfaces throughout the room.
- It takes about 2-4 weeks from ingestion of an egg to the appearance of adult pinworms - hence the need to re-take the drug
- Domestic animals are not infected with pinworms and are not involved in transmission - this is an exclusively human infection
Symptoms: not just itching
In some children, enterobiasis proceeds without any complaints at all and is detected only during a routine examination before kindergarten, swimming pool or sanatorium. But more often there are still manifestations.
- Itching around the anus, worse in the evening and at night; it usually subsides during the day
- Restless sleep, the child tosses and turns, wakes up, cries at night, gets up sleepy in the morning
- Irritability, moodiness, decreased attention and worsening behavior are a direct consequence of lack of sleep.
- Scratching, redness and cracking of the skin around the anus, sometimes accompanied by a bacterial infection
- In girls - irritation, redness and discharge from the genitals: pinworms can crawl into the vagina
- Periodic abdominal pain, nausea, unstable stool, loss of appetite
- Grinding of teeth in sleep and drooling are signs that are traditionally attributed to worms, although the connection with them has not been confirmed
- Sometimes parents themselves see white moving worms in the stool or on the child’s skin at night
- Resumption of bedwetting in a child who has stopped wetting the bed
How is the diagnosis confirmed?
- Соскоб или отпечаток липкой лентой с кожных складок вокруг заднего прохода — main метод, при котором находят яйца остриц.
- Материал берут утром, сразу после пробуждения, до подмывания и до дефекации — это принципиально важно, иначе анализ будет ложноотрицательным.
- Исследование повторяют трижды с интервалом в 2–3 дня, поскольку самка выходит наружу не каждую ночь.
- Обычный анализ кала на яйца гельминтов для энтеробиоза малоинформативен: острицы откладывают яйца не в кишечнике, а снаружи.
- Прямой осмотр области заднего прохода ночью или ранним утром: взрослых остриц иногда удаётся увидеть глазом.
- Общий анализ крови — иногда выявляется повышение эозинофилов, но их нормальный уровень энтеробиоз не исключает.
- Осмотр детского гинеколога — при жалобах у девочек на выделения и раздражение половых органов.
- Обследование остальных членов семьи при подтверждённом диагнозе у ребёнка.
Treatment: why the whole family
This is a key section and the main reason why enterobiasis is treated unsuccessfully. Medicines against pinworms are effective and well tolerated, and failures are almost always associated not with the medicine, but with the fact that the source of infection remained in the apartment.
- The antiparasitic drug is prescribed by the doctor, taking into account the age and weight of the child.
- The dose is repeated after 2 weeks - this is a mandatory part of the regimen aimed at worms that grew from eggs swallowed after the first dose
- Treatment is carried out simultaneously to all family members living together, even if they have no complaints
- Adults in the family are infected much more often than is commonly thought and usually do not experience any itching
- For pregnant and lactating women, as well as young children, the doctor selects the regimen separately
- If the itching is severe, your doctor may recommend remedies to relieve the skin condition.
- When scratching suppurates, separate skin treatment is required.
- Folk remedies - garlic, pumpkin seeds, enemas - do not provide a cure and do not replace the drug
- A control scraping is performed after completion of the full scheme, usually after 2–3 weeks
Separately, it is worth discussing the attitude towards the fact of infection. Enterobiasis is not an indicator of family uncleanliness: children from any home are infected with it, because the source is the children's group, where the eggs are transmitted through shared toys and surfaces. Shame in this situation prevents the main thing - to tell the teacher and parents of other children about it, and without this the chain of repeated infections in the group is not interrupted.
How to break the chain of reinfection
Cleaning and hygiene during enterobiasis are not auxiliary, but are of the same importance as taking the drug. The main efforts are needed in the first days after treatment, when there are a maximum of eggs in the house.
- Утром после лечения подмывайте ребёнка с мылом; повторяйте подмывание вечером перед сном — так удаляются свежеотложенные яйца.
- Daily меняйте нижнее бельё утром и вечером в первые дни, а постельное бельё — раз в 2–3 дня.
- Стирайте бельё при высокой температуре и обязательно проглаживайте утюгом, особенно швы и складки: яйца погибают от нагрева.
- Не вытряхивайте бельё в комнате — при встряхивании яйца поднимаются в воздух вместе с пылью и оседают на всех поверхностях.
- Коротко стригите ногти всем детям в семье и следите, чтобы ребёнок не грыз их и не брал пальцы в рот.
- Мойте руки с мылом после туалета, перед едой и обязательно сразу после пробуждения.
- Надевайте ребёнку на ночь плотное нижнее бельё, чтобы затруднить расчёсывание и уменьшить рассеивание яиц.
- Проводите влажную уборку с обработкой дверных ручек, выключателей, игрушек, стульчаков; мягкие игрушки стирайте или уберите на несколько недель.
- Выделите каждому члену семьи отдельное полотенце и не пользуйтесь общей мочалкой.
- Сообщите в детский сад: без одновременной работы в группе повторное заражение почти неизбежно.
Complications and prevention
- Bacterial inflammation of the skin scratching around the anus is the most common complication
- Inflammation of the external genitalia and vagina in girls, sometimes recurrent until the cause is eliminated
- Urinary tract infections due to the introduction of microflora
- Chronic lack of sleep with deterioration in behavior, attention and academic performance
- Rarely - inflammation of the appendix and involvement of other parts of the intestine
- Decreased appetite and weight loss over a long period of time
- Prevention: washing hands after going to the toilet, outside and before eating, short nails, weaning off the habit of biting nails and putting fingers in the mouth
- Daily change of underwear and regular wet cleaning of the house
- Preventive courses of drugs “just in case”, without analysis and complaints, are not recommended: drugs have side effects, and senseless use does not protect against infection