Forgetfulness or dementia
This is the most practical question that loved ones face. The differences are quite reliable.
- Age norm: a person forgot the name, but remembered it later; lost my keys and found them; complains about his memory
- Dementia: a person does not remember the conversation itself, and not just the details; puts things in unusual places (iron in refrigerator); Relatives complain about memory, but the person himself thinks that everything is fine
- Normal: copes with usual affairs, finances, medications
- Dementia: gets confused on familiar routes, can't pay at the store, forgets to take pills or takes them twice
How the disease develops
- Ранняя стадия: забывчивость на недавние события, повторяющиеся вопросы, трудности с подбором слов, снижение инициативы, уход от общения. Самостоятельность в основном сохранена.
- Умеренная стадия: нарушается ориентация во времени и месте, нужна помощь в быту, появляются подозрительность, тревога, нарушение сна, ночное бодрствование.
- Тяжёлая стадия: утрата речи и узнавания близких, потребность в постоянном уходе, нарушение глотания и движения.
The speed of transition between stages is individual and lasts for years. Staying active, socializing, and routine really impacts that pace.
Survey
The purpose of the examination is twofold: to confirm dementia and, equally important, to exclude reversible causes that are completely treatable.
- Reversible causes of memory loss: vitamin B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, depression, side effects of medications, normal pressure hydrocephalus, alcohol abuse
- Беседа с пациентом и обязательно с близкими — со стороны изменения виднее.
- Нейропсихологическое тестирование: краткие шкалы оценки памяти, внимания, речи, счёта.
- МРТ или КТ головного мозга — исключение опухоли, гидроцефалии, последствий инсультов.
- Анализы: витамин B12, гормоны щитовидной железы, глюкоза, электролиты, печёночные и почечные показатели.
- Оценка депрессии — она у пожилых нередко имитирует деменцию и полностью обратима при лечении.
Treatment and care
There are no drugs that stop the disease yet, but there are drugs that improve memory and daily functioning and slow the progression of symptoms. The non-medicinal part is no less important - it affects the quality of life more than is commonly thought.
- Drug therapy is selected by a neurologist taking into account the stage and concomitant diseases
- Control of blood pressure, sugar and cholesterol - vascular factors accelerate deterioration
- Cognitive activities: reading, board games, conversations, feasible mental stress
- Physical activity and walking have been proven to slow down decline
- A stable daily routine and familiar surroundings reduce anxiety and confusion
- Home safety: remove slippery rugs, limit access to gas, sign doors, put a note in your pocket with your address and phone number
Prevention
- Controlling blood pressure in middle age is one of the most effective factors
- Treatment of diabetes mellitus, smoking cessation
- Physical activity at least 150 minutes per week
- Maintaining social connections and mental alertness
- Correcting Hearing Loss: Untreated Hearing Loss Increases Risk of Dementia
- Adequate sleep and sleep apnea treatment