Why do shortness of breath and swelling occur?
When the heart stops coping, the blood stagnates in front of it. If the left ventricle is weakened, congestion occurs in the lungs - shortness of breath occurs. If it is right, the blood stagnates in the veins of the systemic circle - swelling of the legs appears, the liver enlarges, and fluid accumulates in the abdomen.
Hence the rule of thumb: shortness of breath - about the lungs and the left heart, edema - about the right. Most often, both halves suffer over time.
Symptoms by stage
- Dry cough that gets worse when lying down
- Frequent urination at night
- Fatigue and muscle weakness
- Rapid heartbeat
- Decreased appetite, heaviness in the right hypochondrium
- Начальная: одышка только при значительной нагрузке, утомляемость, снижение работоспособности. Часто списывают на возраст.
- Умеренная: одышка при обычной ходьбе и подъёме на этаж, отёки стоп и голеней к вечеру, ночные пробуждения от нехватки воздуха.
- Тяжёлая: одышка в покое, невозможность лежать горизонтально, стойкие отёки до бёдер, увеличение живота, резкое ограничение активности.
Survey
- Эхокардиография — ключевое исследование: определяет фракцию выброса левого желудочка, состояние клапанов и причину.
- BNP или NT-proBNP — анализ крови, помогающий отличить сердечную одышку от лёгочной.
- ЭКГ и суточное мониторирование — выявление аритмий и перенесённых инфарктов.
- Рентген грудной клетки — застой в лёгких, размеры сердца.
- Анализы: креатинин и СКФ, электролиты, гемоглобин, гормоны щитовидной железы, глюкоза, железо.
Treatment
Modern therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction has been proven to prolong life. It includes several groups of drugs that are prescribed together and gradually increase doses to the target.
- Basic therapy from several groups - prescribed and titrated by a cardiologist; it cannot be canceled when improved
- Diuretics - eliminate congestion and swelling, but do not affect the prognosis; dose is adjusted according to weight
- Treatment of the cause: revascularization for coronary artery disease, correction of the defect, control of pressure and arrhythmia
- Devices: cardioverter-defibrillator or resynchronization therapy - as indicated
- Vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus - reduces the risk of decompensation
- Cardiac rehabilitation with dosed exercises
What depends on the patient
- Weigh yourself every morning on an empty stomach after using the toilet and write down your weight: an increase of more than 2 kg in 2-3 days means fluid retention and requires contact with your doctor
- Limiting salt to 5 g per day is the most effective measure against edema
- Monitor the amount of fluid you drink if your doctor has prescribed a restriction.
- Take medications daily, at the same time, without skipping or “resting” from them
- Daily activity that is feasible: walking at a comfortable pace is better than complete rest.
- Do not take NSAIDs (painkillers) on your own - they retain fluid and worsen the course.
- Treat infections in a timely manner - they are a common cause of decompensation