How to recognize
- Symmetrical damage: the joints of the same name on both hands are affected
- Most often the small joints of the hands (metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal) and feet are involved.
- Morning stiffness lasting longer than 30–60 minutes is a key sign; with arthrosis it is shorter
- Swelling, spindle fingers, pain when shaking hands and squeezing the hand
- Common symptoms: fatigue, low-grade fever, weight loss
- The distal interphalangeal joints (near the nails) are usually NOT affected - this distinguishes RA from psoriatic arthritis and arthrosis
Survey
- Ревматоидный фактор (РФ) — повышен примерно у 70% пациентов, но встречается и у здоровых.
- АЦЦП (антитела к циклическому цитруллинированному пептиду) — значительно более специфичный тест, может быть положительным задолго до появления симптомов.
- СОЭ и С-реактивный белок — оценка активности воспаления.
- УЗИ суставов с допплером — выявляет синовит на самой ранней стадии, когда рентген ещё нормальный.
- Рентген кистей и стоп — эрозии появляются позже, служат для оценки прогрессирования.
- Общий анализ крови, печёночные и почечные показатели — перед началом терапии.
Treatment
The goal of modern therapy is not to “relieve pain,” but to achieve remission, that is, the complete absence of active inflammation. The strategy is called “treat to goal.”
- Methotrexate is the basic first-line drug; taken once a week, always together with folic acid on other days
- Other basic drugs - in case of intolerance or insufficient effect
- Biological and targeted therapy - if basic drugs are ineffective
- Glucocorticosteroids - in a short course as a “bridge” before the onset of basic therapy, and not as a permanent treatment
- NSAIDs - for symptom relief only; they do not stop joint destruction
- Regular monitoring of blood tests during therapy
- Physical therapy, maintaining mobility, orthoses if necessary
What is important for the patient to know
- Smoking cessation is mandatory: smoking both causes RA and reduces the effectiveness of treatment
- Rheumatoid arthritis increases cardiovascular risk - blood pressure and lipids need to be controlled
- Before starting therapy, tuberculosis and hepatitis are checked
- Vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus is recommended; live vaccines are contraindicated during therapy
- Pregnancy is planned in advance: some medications must be discontinued at a certain time
- Regular, feasible physical activity preserves joint function
- For any infection during therapy, you should contact your doctor.