Where does the examination begin?
- УЗИ щитовидной железы с описанием узла по системе TI-RADS — оценивают состав, эхогенность, форму, контуры и включения.
- ТТГ — если он снижен, узел может быть «горячим», то есть гормонально активным; такие узлы почти никогда не бывают злокачественными, и тактика другая.
- Тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия под контролем УЗИ — назначается по совокупности категории TI-RADS и размера узла, а не всем подряд.
- Кальцитонин — при подозрении на медуллярный рак и при семейном анамнезе.
What does the puncture show?
- A benign nodule is the most common finding; only observation required
- Malignant or suspicious - indication for surgery
- Follicular tumor - cytology cannot distinguish benign from malignant; surgery or molecular testing is required
- Uninformative material - the puncture is repeated
The puncture is performed with a thin needle under ultrasound guidance, takes several minutes, is performed without anesthesia and is usually easily tolerated. This is the only way to find out the cellular composition of the node - it cannot be determined by ultrasound.
Is it necessary to treat and operate?
- Benign nodule without symptoms and growth - only observation with ultrasound once every 1–2 years
- The operation is indicated for confirmed malignancy, follicular tumor, large node with compression of the trachea and esophagus, cosmetic defect
- For a “hot” node with thyrotoxicosis - radioiodine therapy or surgery
- Minimally invasive methods (ethanol sclerotherapy, radiofrequency ablation) - for benign nodes and cysts according to indications
- Hormonal suppressive therapy for the “resorption” of nodes is not used today: it is ineffective and unsafe
Surveillance and prevention
- Control ultrasound according to a schedule determined by the doctor - usually once every 1–2 years for a stable benign node
- Repeated puncture if the node grows significantly or its characteristics change
- TSH control
- The use of iodized salt is a basic goiter prevention
- Avoid exposure to the neck area unless medically indicated.
- Tell your doctor if there is a family history of thyroid cancer.